Isifinyezo: Ulimi ngokuvamile lubhekwa njengekhono elilodwa, elingenakuzikhandla, kodwa ucwaningo olusha lwembula ukuthi lungenye yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ebuchosheni bomuntu. Ukudlulela ngale kwemodeli “ye-Broca's kanye ne-Wernicke” yesikhathi esidlule, ososayensi manje basebenzisa ukufunda okujulile kwe-AI, i-ultra-high-field MRI, nokuhlaziywa kwe-polygenic ukuze baqonde ukuthi ulimi luvela kanjani.
Kusukela ekutholeni ukuthi amamodeli e-AI angabikezela ukuthi ingqondo yengane eneminyaka engu-2 ubudala iwaqhuba kanjani ama-audiobook kuya ekutholeni izimpande zofuzo ezabiwe phakathi kwesigqi somculo kanye ne-dyslexia, le ndlela edidiyelwe isusa ukugxila kokuthile. lapho ulimi uku Kanjani iyavumelana nokuthi kungani ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.
Amaqiniso Abalulekile
- I-AI Blueprint: Abacwaningi be-Meta bathola lokho Amamodeli Olimi Olukhulu (LLMs) ingamodela ngokunembile umsebenzi wobuchopho ezinganeni ezineminyaka emi-2 ubudala, inikeze “umzila wokufunda” omusha ukuze itadishe ukuthi abantu baluthola kanjani ulimi kahle kangaka uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini.
- Ukuqhubeka kolimi: Ukusebenzisa 7 I-MRI yokusabalalisa i-Teslaabacwaningi bakha kabusha imigudu eyisikhombisa eyinhloko ye-white-matter, okufakazela ukuthi “ubuchopho kwesokunxele vs. kwesokudla” kuyinganekwane. Ukubusa kolimi kukhona ku-fluid continuum kunezigaba ezimbili.
- I-Genetic Triangulation: Idatha enkulu evela emithonjeni efana 23 kanye nami kanye ne I-NIH zisiza ososayensi ukuba babone uhlobo lokuxhumana “oluyi-polygenic”—okwembula ukuthi amakhulu ezakhi zofuzo anengxenye ekwazini ulimi.
- Isigqi nokufunda: Ucwaningo lukhombisa isisekelo esabiwe sebhayoloji phakathi komculo nolimi; ngokukhethekile, Izifunda eziyi-16 ze-genome zivamile kukho kokubili ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi kanye ne-dyslexia.
- Umugqa Wesikhathi Wokukhula: Izici zolimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu (njengohlelo lolimi) ziyaqhubeka nokuvuthwa ebuchosheni phakathi kweminyaka engu-2 neyi-10, kuyilapho amabhlogo wokwakha amafonetiki asezingeni eliphansi azinza ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Umthombo: I-Cognitive Neuroscience Society
Ukufunda isiFulentshi, ukufunda inoveli yakamuva ka-Andy Weir, ukuhlanganyela nabangane ngoSuku Luka-St. Patrick — ulimi luwumgogodla wayo yonke le misebenzi yansuku zonke. Kubonakala sengathi alusebenzi kusukela ebuntwaneni, kwavela ukuthi ulimi luyinkimbinkimbi, alunqunyelwe iqoqo elilodwa lezakhi zofuzo noma indawo eyodwa ebuchosheni.
Ososayensi bezinzwa abanengqondo manje sebesebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kofuzo okunoveli kanye ne-AI, ukuze bathole ulwazi mayelana nokukhulumisana okunempilo nokungahlelekile kubantu bonke.
“Sisathambekele ekufundeni ulimi ezingeni elilodwa ngesikhathi – izakhi zofuzo, izindlela zobuchopho, ukusebenza kwemizwa, ukuziphatha, ukubala – ngaphandle kokuxhuma ngokugcwele lawo mazinga ku-akhawunti ehambisanayo yemishini,” kusho uTamara Swaab, ongusihlalo we-symposium yolimi emhlanganweni waminyaka yonke we-Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS) eVancouver, BC “Manje, nokho, singakwazi ukutadisha lawo mazinga amaningi kanye nemininingwane eminingi.”
Le ndlela enoveli, edidiyelwe isivele iveza imiphumela, kusukela kumamodeli asekelwe ku-AI angahlola, futhi okungenzeka abikezele, ukukhula kolimi ezinganeni, kuya ocwaningweni lwezakhi zofuzo oluxhumanisa ukuphazamiseka kwesigqi kanye ne-dyslexia.
Lezi zifundo ziphawula ushintsho olukhulu ocwaningweni lwendabuko mayelana lapho ulimi lwenzeka ebuchosheni Kanjani kwenzeka futhi ngani ihluke kakhulu kubantu bonke, kusho uSwaab waseNyuvesi yaseCalifornia, eDavis, naseNyuvesi yaseBirmingham e-UK, ocwaninga ngokuthi izici ezihlukahlukene ziyithinta kanjani indlela ulimi olucutshungulwa futhi luqondwe ngayo.
Ukushayela lo msebenzi kuyisifiso phakathi kwabacwaningi ukuqonda ukuthi ikhono eliyingqayizivele labantu lokuxhumana likulolonga kanjani esikufundayo, indlela esikhumbula ngayo, nendlela izinhlobo zethu eziphilayo eziguquke ngayo. Kusazi sezinzwa ezinengqondo uJean-Rémi King e-Meta, ukuphenya ukuthi ulimi lwabantu luguquke kanjani kusho ukuthinta uhlobo olusha lokufunda: amamodeli okufunda ajulile e-AI.
Uthi, umbuzo uwukuthi, abantu baluthola kanjani ulimi ngendlela ephumelela kangaka – ngokuchayeka kancane emagameni kunezinhlobo ezinkulu zezilimi zanamuhla (LLMs) – kuyilapho ezinye izinhlobo zingakwazi ukufinyelela ikhono elifanayo?
“Ngokwenyuka kwamamodeli wezilimi amancane namakhulu, ukusebenzisa amanethiwekhi okwenziwa kwe-neural kwaba, de facto, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokumodela nokucacisa izethulo zolimi ebuchosheni,” kusho uKing. “Lawa mamodeli e-AI afunda, futhi ngaleyo ndlela alandele umkhondo wokufunda othize, ohlinzeka ngomthombo omusha wemibono nemibono yokuthi izingane zifunda kanjani ulimi ngempumelelo.”
Ocwaningweni olusha, i-King kanye nozakwabo bathole ukuthi ama-LLM angakwazi ukuphendula ngempumelelo ukumelwa kwemizwa yolimi kubo bobabili abadala kanye nezingane ezineminyaka emi-2 ubudala. Ngokusebenzisana nophiko lwe-Pediatric Epileptology lweSibhedlela i-Rothschild Foundation, abacwaningi baphenya umsebenzi we-neural oqoshwe kuma-electrode angaphezu kuka-7,400 afakwe ebuchosheni bezingane ezingu-46, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala abanesifo sokuwa esingalapheki futhi ngaleyo ndlela bafakwe okwesikhashana ama-electrode e-stereotactic ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa.
“Sithole ukuthi izimpendulo zabo zobuchopho ku-audiobook zingamodelwa ngokunembile kusetshenziswa i-AI,” njengoba iNkosi izokwethula emhlanganweni we-CNS eVancouver. Bathole ukuthi izici zolimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, njengohlelo lolimi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezici ezisezingeni eliphansi, njengamabhulokhi okwakha amafonetiki asheshayo, ziyaqhubeka nokuvuthwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-2 neyi-10 ubudala.
“Nakuba izindlela eziyisisekelo zisazodalulwa, lo msebenzi unikeza ubufakazi bokuqala obunamandla bokuthi izinhlelo zesimanje ze-AI zinganikeza ukuqonda okusha okunamandla kokuthi ulimi lukhula kanjani ebuchosheni bomuntu,” kusho iNkosi.
Kusazi sezinzwa ezinengqondo uStephanie Forkel wase-Radboud University Nijmegen e-Netherlands, ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi ulimi luthuthuka kanjani ngendlela ehlukile kubantu abahlukene kusho ukuthatha indlela ehlukile: ukufunda izintambo zobuchopho ezixhuma izifunda zolimi.
Isayensi yezinzwa yakudala ikhomba “indawo ka-Broca” noma “indawo kaWernicke,” njengokungathi ulimi luhlala ezindaweni ezimbili. Kodwa ngemva kokusebenza neziguli zohlangothi ezazinezinhlobo ezahlukene zokulimala kobuchopho nezinselele zolimi ezihlukahlukene, uForkel washeshe wabona ukuthi ulimi “aluyona into eyodwa ‘esengqondweni’ — luwuhlelo.” Futhi ukuqonda lelo sistimu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda i-neurovariability.
Ocwaningweni olusha olusebenzisa i-ultra-high-field 7 Tesla diffusion MRI, yena kanye nozakwabo bakhe kabusha izindlela eziyisikhombisa ezinkulu ezimhlophe ezihilelekile olimini kubantu abayi-172.
Abacwaningi babe sebebuza ukuthi ingabe ababambiqhaza bawele ezinhlotsheni ezicacile “zobuchopho kwesokunxele” ngokumelene “nobuchopho kwesokudla” bolimi. Impendulo yathi “cha,” kusho uForkel, ozokwethula lo msebenzi omusha kwa-CNS.
“Esikhundleni sezigaba ezihlukene, sithole ukuthi ulimi aluyona into kanambambili ebuchosheni; lwakha ukuqhubeka. Lokhu kubekela inselele amamodeli akudala akhona wokubusa kwe-hemispheric futhi kubeka kabusha indlela esicabanga ngayo ngokuhluka kwabantu ngabanye.”
Ithimba likaForkel manje selinoxhaso lwemali yephrojekthi entsha yeminyaka emihlanu yokuqonda ukuvela kolimi ezisekelweni zalo zebhayoloji. Ithemba alikona nje ukuqonda ukuthi ulimi lwakhiwe kanjani kodwa nokuthi lungavikelwa kanjani, noma lubuyiselwe emuva, ekulimaleni noma ezifweni.
Lo msebenzi uhambisana nomsebenzi osanda kuvela ukuze uqonde ukusekela kofuzo kolimi ebuchosheni, into ethole ukuthuthuka okukhulu eminyakeni embalwa edlule kusuka kumasethi edatha amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ayimfihlo, avame ukutholakala esidlangalaleni.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela kumasayithi ofuzo afana ne-23andMe noma izinhlangano ezixhaswe nguhulumeni njenge-US National Institutes of Health, lezi sizindalwazi, kuhlanganiswe nokuhlaziywa kofuzo okusha, zinikeza abacwaningi imininingwane emisha mayelana nemvelo yolimi “ye-polygenic”, kusho u-Reyna Gordon we-Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Ngempela, njengoba uGordon ezogcizelela enkulumweni yakhe e-CNS eVancouver, ulimi luthonywa izakhi zofuzo eziningi. Nakuba abacwaningi bengakwazi ukukhomba kumuntu oyedwa ukuthi angakanani amakhono abo olimi atholakala kuzakhi zofuzo uma kuqhathaniswa nemvelo, inani elikhulu labantu lingaveza amaphethini abalulekile.
“Ngenxa yezinsiza zedatha ezixhaswe ngumphakathi, sikwazile ukuqala ukufunda izakhi zofuzo zolimi futhi siqale ukukuxhumanisa nesisekelo salo se-neural ngezindlela ezisha ngempela.”
Yena nethimba lakhe bahlanganisa idatha emayelana nemisebenzi yezakhi zofuzo ezithile ngohlu lwemibuzo kanye nezinye izinhlobo zedatha eqondene nokuthuthukiswa kolimi nomculo ukuze babonise ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kofuzo kunomthelela kanjani ekuhlukeni komuntu ngamunye kumakhono olimi.
Kolunye ucwaningo lwakamuva, isibonelo, abacwaningi babheke abantu abane-dyslexia nabangenayo kubahlanganyeli abayisigidi esingu-1 abavela ku-23andMe, ngaphezu kwenye idathasethi ehlanganisa ukuhlolwa kolimi. Bathole izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezihlotshaniswa ne-dyslexia, engase ibe nomthelela ekuxilongweni kwangaphambili nasekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kolimi.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, lezi zindlela zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlanganise imininingwane evela kumasethi edatha amakhulu amaningi, kunokuthembela eqenjini elilodwa labahlanganyeli, into ebingenzeki ngaphambili ocwaningweni lwesayensi yezinzwa.
“Sisebenzisa izindlela ezintsha, singakwazi ngempela ukwenza lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwedatha kuyo yonke imifudlana yedatha, okusivumela ukuthi senze imibono eyisisekelo yesayensi, kanye nezicelo zomtholampilo ezingase zibe khona,” kusho uGordon.
Kolunye ucwaningo, uGordon kanye nozakwabo babonise ukuthi kukhona ukusekela okwabelwana ngakho kwebhayoloji phakathi kolimi nomculo okwenza imephu ibuyele ku-genome. Bahlonze izifunda ezihlukene ezingu-16 ze-genome ezivame ukukhubazeka kwesigqi kanye ne-dyslexia. “Siphinde sabheka ukunqwabelana kwezifo kumasampula amakhulu, ngakho ukonakala kwesigqi kungase kube yingozi yezinkinga zolimi nokuphazamiseka kokufunda,” usho kanje.
Ndawonye, izifundo ezethulwa emhlanganweni we-CNS ngendlela ye-multimethod yokuqonda ulimi ebuchosheni zibonisa isimo sobuchopho esivumelana nezimo. “Ubuchopho bomuntu akhiwanga ngamapulani aqinile, kodwa kunalokho kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezivumelana nezimo,” kusho uForkel.
Ngempela, kusho usihlalo weseshini uSwaab: “Ukuqonda ulimi kuwuhlobo lokuqonda olusheshayo, oluvumelana nezimo. Ekugcineni siqala ukuyiqonda ngokugcwele ngokuxhumanisa indaba kusukela ezakhini zofuzo, emigudwini yobuchopho namanethiwekhi, ekuhlukaniseni imizwa kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganisa ezisiza ukuchaza indlela ubuchopho obuqonda futhi bukhiqize ngayo ulimi.”
Imibuzo Ebalulekile Iyaphendulwa:
A: Hhayi impela, kodwa baseduze kunalokho ebesikucabanga. I-AI idinga idatha ephindwe ngezigidi kunengane ukuze ifunde, kodwa izethulo ze-neural-indlela ulwazi oludwetshwe ngayo ebuchosheni-zifana ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokuqhathanisa lezi zinto ezimbili, ososayensi bangagcina beyibonile “indlela yokufunda” ubuchopho bomuntu obuyithathayo ukuze bube yingcweti yohlelo lolimi nengqondo.
A: Isayensi ithi cha! Izikena ezintsha ze-7T MRI zibonisa ukuthi ulimi akuwona kanambambili “wesobunxele noma kwesokudla”. Kuyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi emikhondweni eyisikhombisa emikhulu ye-white-matter. Wonke umuntu uhlala endaweni eyingqayizivele eduze “nokuqhubeka kolimi,” yingakho abanye abantu bephumelela ezinkondlweni kuyilapho abanye benendlebe engcono yokuhlukahluka kwefonetiki.
A: Ngokumangalisayo, yebo. Abacwaningi bathola ukunqwabelana kofuzo phakathi kokuphazamiseka kwesigqi kanye ne-dyslexia. Ngenxa yokuthi isigqi nolimi kwabelana ngezifunda ezithile ze-genomic eziyi-16, ubunzima bengane ngesigqi somculo bungaba yisici esiyingozi sangaphambi kwesikhathi—kanye “nefulegi elibomvu” elingase libe khona—emzabalazweni yokufunda esikhathini esizayo.
Amanothi Omhleli:
- Lesi sihloko sihlelwe umhleli weNeuroscience News.
- Iphepha lejenali libuyekezwe ngokugcwele.
- Ingqikithi eyengeziwe yengezwe abasebenzi bethu.
Mayelana nale AI kanye nezindaba zocwaningo lokuthuthukiswa kolimi
Umbhali: Lisa MP Munoz
Umthombo: I-Cognitive Neuroscience Society
Othintana naye: U-Lisa MP Munoz – I-Cognitive Neuroscience Society
Isithombe: Isithombe sifakwe ku-Neuroscience News
Ucwaningo lwangempela: Okutholakele kuzokwethulwa eMhlanganweni wama-33 we-Cognitive Neuroscience Society
